Wednesday, September 29, 2010

"Dissect" Idea 9/29/10




Defined

dis·sect (d-skt, d-, dskt)tr.v. dis·sect·ed, dis·sect·ing, dis·sects
1. To cut apart or separate (tissue), especially for anatomical study.
2. To examine, analyze, or criticize in minute detail.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
"dissect." The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Accessed 9/29/10.


Quotations


"The more I consider this mighty tail, the more do I deplore my inability to express it. At times there are gestures in it, which, though they would well grace the hand of man, remain wholly inexplicable. In an extensive herd, so remarkable, occasionally, are these mystic gestures, that I have heard hunters who have declared them akin to Free-Mason signs and symbols; that the whale, indeed, by these methods intelligently conversed with the world. Nor are there wanting other motions of the whale in his general body, full of strangeness, and unaccountable to his most experienced assailant. Dissect him how I may, then, I but go skin deep; I know him not, and never will."
Melville, Herman. "Moby Dick: The Tail" 1851. Free Library by Farlex. Accessed 9/29/10 <>

Herman Melville Moby Dick 1851

"Open up a few corpses: you will dissipate at once the darkness that observation alone could not dissipate."
Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie à la médecine (1801), avant-propos, xic.
"Dissection Quotes" Today in Science History. Accessed 9/29/10 <>

"Human sciences dissect everything to comprehend it, and kill everything to examine it."
Tolstoy, Leo. "War and Peace" 1869. Free Library by Farlex. Accessed 9/29/10 <>



Annotated Bibliography

De Villiers, Rian, and Martin Monk. "The first cut is the deepest: reflections on the state of animal dissection in biology education." Journal of Curriculum Studies 37.5 (2005): 583-600. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 30 Sept. 2010.

In this essay, De Villiers examines the issues of animal dissection in education and explains, in a neutral way, both sides of the argument surrounding the practice. He points at rapidly evolving societies as catalysts to the argument for alternative methods of scientific education, using South Africa as an example. De Villiers targets the country's turbulent societal history and rapid modern democratic steps to explain the increased opinions on "many of the old assumptions about what should be taught, to whom, at what stage, and how..." In South Africa issues of scientific dissection "have been under sharper scrutiny than in other countries where change has been a less radical." I think taking the argument out of the purely ethical realm and applying it as a consequence of social dynamic is a very interesting one. De Villiers begins to question the democracy allowed for animals, in a dimension not solely devoted to ethics and cruelty. He is almost beginning to propose anthropomorphism in social structure and within a civil rights dimension.
In another section of De Villiers' essay, he contrasts the ethical dilemma of animal dissection to an argument of evolutionary consequence.
"The justification of the ethics is transcendent rather than personal. God supplies the wrongness. However, somewhat surprisingly, a justification may also call upon biology itself for its arguments. Burkett (2000) asked the following important questions: Do humans, as a species, have a ‘right’ to dominion over animals? Do humans, as a species, have a superior place in the biosphere? If so, does that superior position grant a privilege to kill animals for learning activities? The post-Darwinian biologist is driven by an evolutionary perspective to respond to these questions with the answer of ‘No’. Ethical opposition to dissection can make for strange bedfellows."
I find this argument fascinating as well as it pertains to dissection and its resulting upset in natural evolution. Humans exhibiting this "dominion" in this sense is unnatural due to its lack of basic instinctual necessities. Opponents to dissection argue for alternative scientific discovery through photographs, interactive learning, etc, which also poses the issue authenticity because the experience is no longer that of a "natural" dissection.


Relates

This topic relates to my work in a variety of ways, the most obvious of which, is the visual imagery. I have been working with dissecting images to form sequential redefinitions, or disfigured forms. The idea of dissection involves my work on a conceptual basis as well, as I am creating a moments of inter-species awareness and transcendent discovery without boundaries normally drawn around such discoveries, but in place of new ones, such as negative photographic space. Dissection is, by definition, used to study. Whether it be studying a literal specimen, or scrutinizing an issue, dissection involves disassembling in order to enhance understanding in some way. In an abstract way, which is not by any means meant to be didactic, I am striving for this sense of "understanding" or heightened instinctual awareness, with the subjects as well as viewers, via the dissections I make in my work

Sunday, September 26, 2010

Mark Ryden (Artist) 9/26/10

Work
(From Snow Yak Show 2008)
Mark Ryden Heaven Oil on Canvas 16"x20" 2008

Mark Ryden Yak Dream Graphite on Paper 9 1/4"x 12 1/4" 2008

Mark Ryden Abominable Oil on Canvas 20"x16" 2008

Mark Ryden Long Yak Oil on Canvas 12"x30" 2008

Mark Ryden Fur Girl Oil on Canvas 30"x20" 2008


Bio

Mark Ryden is an American painter, born in Medford, Oregon and educated at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, where he received his BFA. He now works out of Los Angeles and has exhibited worldwide. He is known as "the persuasive representative" of the modern lowbrow art world, due to the kitschy and culturally recognized symbols constantly reappearing in his work. "
The contemporary-art world seems to be successfully gobbling up Street art. I can readily imagine kitsch being on the menu—with Mark Ryden right at the top." (Haden-Guest) Ryden's massive, almost cult-like following spans from average viewers to icons, such as Michael Jackson and Steven King. Ryden's paintings often portray reoccurring images, such as "wide-eyed, Victorian children, Abraham Lincoln, and grade-A beef," which harmoniously link the gap between "lowbrow culture and highbrow surrealism." (Haden-Guest)
Ryden tends to leave his work fairly open-ended, inasmuch I sense from multiple interviews I read, allowing for extensive viewer interpretation. "The most powerful meanings in art come from another source outside an artist's own literal consciousness. " (Ryden) There are many issues in which Ryden is overtly involving his work, such as portraying meat as a symbol of unquestionable physical presence and existence. His work also obviously references object culture and "toy art." I have been focusing on Ryden's recent series, "The Snow Yak Show," which he exhibited in Tokyo in 2009. These ethereal paintings place similar Victorian girl-women in scenes displaying their interactions with snow yak. These paintings speak, to me, to a sense of surreal inter-species connectedness on a dreamlike level.
Haden-Guest, Anthony. "The King of Old-Time Kitsch" The Daily Beast, Art Beast. 29 Apr. 2010. Accessed 26 Sept. 2010.


Relates

I mentioned above that Ryden's work leaves room for interpretation by intention. My interpretation of the Snow Yak series is not supported by any secondary source, and in fact, locating any legitimate critique or review of the show was not easy. This series relates to my previous work, and work I am planning, in its references to surrealism and bestial cues. I have been studying bestial themes in history and literature, especially fairy tales, such as Beauty and the Beast. Ryden's Snow Yak series, to me, portray the darker, dreamier equivalent to this pseudo-archetype in folklore. I would like to work with models more adaptable to this timeless, folklore imagery perhaps, to create more of a narrative in my work with taxidermy.


Quotations

"
His dewy vixens, cuddly plush pets, alchemical symbols, religious emblems, primordial landscapes and slabs of meat challenge his audience not necessarily with their own oddity but with the introduction of their soothing cultural familiarity into unsettling circumstances. "
"Biography" Mark Ryden, Bio. Accessed 26 Sept. 2010.

"Viewers are initially drawn in by the comforting beauty of Ryden’s pop-culture references, then challenged by their circumstances, and finally transported to the artist’s final intent – a world where creatures speak from a place of childlike honesty about the state of mankind and our relationships with ourselves, each other and our past."
"Biography" Mark Ryden, Bio. Accessed 26 Sept. 2010.

*These quotes both address what I find relate-able about Ryden's work to my own intentions with my work. I am essentially taking commonplace objects and inserting them into a recontextualized situation as well, in a way I hope will make the viewer pause and re-examine.


Interview

http://www.markryden.com/press/highfructose/index.html


Gallery

http://www.kohngallery.com/artists.html


Artist's Site

http://www.markryden.com/






Wednesday, September 22, 2010

"Bestiality" Idea 9/22/10




Michelangelo Leda and the Swan 16th Century


Defined

bes·ti·al·i·ty (bĕsˌchē-ălˈĭ-tē, bēsˌ-)

noun pl. bestialities bes·ti·al·i·ties
  1. The quality or condition of being an animal or like an animal.
  2. Conduct or an action marked by depravity or brutality.
  3. Sexual relations between a human and an animal.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

("bestiality." Dictionary Definitions. LoveToKnow, n.d. Web. 18 September 2010. .)


Quotations

"The ancient Egyptians worshiped Gods with animal shapes almost exclusively in the pre-dynastic period before about 3000 BC (Douglas 1992). Animal–human sexual contacts are occasionally portrayed on the tombs (Bullough 1976), and bestiality was recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphics as far back as 3000 BC (Ramsis 1969). Several kings and queens had a reputation
of engaging in bestiality (Rosenfeld 1967; Rosenberger 1968), most famous was Cleopatra, who was said to have had a box filled with bees which she had placed against her genitals for stimulation, similar to a vibrator (Love 1992)."

Miletski, Hani. "A history of bestiality." Anthrozoos (2005): 1-22. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 Sept. 2010.


"Beast: The Beast is the animal bridegroom, an animal with human abilities, grotesque in appearance. He is usually wise and kind as a result from his suffering but in de Villeneuve's version he is required by the enchantment to appear stupid. He can only win Beauty with gentle stupidity, more like a dumb pet dog. In Disney's version, the Beast is a beast in personality, too. He is quick to anger and has a hard time controlling his temper. Beauty and the Beast's relationship is much more volatile in the film than it is in the traditional versions of the tale in which the Beast woos with courtly manners."

Heiner, Heidi Anne. "Annotations for Beauty and the Beast" SurLaLune Fairy Tales. Accessed 22 Sept. 2010.

Walter Crane Beauty and the Beast 1874


Annotated Bibliography

Morgentaler, Goldie. "The Beast Within: Animals as Lovers in Child's The English and Scottish Popular Ballads." 145-161. 2007. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 Sept. 2010.

This essay by Goldie Morgentaler is a very well researched and simultaneously probing investigation into the occurrence of bestiality within literature (folk ballads), and more specifically, in Francis James Child's "canonical" The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. "Drawing on both folklore studies and literary analysis, this essay contends that the figure of the animal paramour in the Child ballads represents, in objectified form, the inherent animality and duality of human nature. Ballads featuring sexual relations between humans and anthropomorphic animals address the complex human interaction with the natural world." Morgentaler is constantly questioning the existence of the human soul within the animal, visa versa, as well as historical reasons for this intertwining of species in popular folklore. The passages she wrote about life and death; hunter and prey, I found to be especially helpful, as these sections clearly reference my work and my subconscious instinct to research the topic of bestiality in the first place. Usually, I have an idea of where I want to end up with these idea posts, but this time it found me, as evidenced by Morgentaler's essay. Below are the passages.

"Clearly both animal and human at the same time, the doe's dual identity, like that of the other animal paramours in the ballads, implies the humanity of the animal world and the animality of the human one, with distinctions between the two collapsed into one entity. Symbolically, the doe stands as a median not only between animal and human nature, but also between such other opposing poles as birth and death, hunter and prey."

"The beauty of the deer, as well as its inherent vulnerability, highlights the paradox of the love-hunt in which the intended prey is also the beloved."

These passages will help to inform my work by prodding a folklore source for researching human relationships with animals in my images. I found Morgentaler's essay to be very compelling and unbiased.


Relates

The topic of bestiality informs my work rather than directing it. Bestiality is vaguely referenced in my images through my investigation of human sexuality and its convergence with different species' sexual selection processes. My posts on sexual selection explain the human attraction to animals displaying naturally desirable mating traits to female individuals within the same species. This human acknowledgment and participation within the other species' mating process, whether it be evolutionarily detrimental consciously, is extremely compelling on a subconscious level. What is being hunted? What does it mean to "notice" the sexually desirable traits of other species' and care enough to hunt it down and covet it? Is taxidermy still just for show; for a simple ego boost? Or are these looming stuffed creatures symbols of something subconsciously bestial--symbols of dominance, submission, or sexuality surpassing the boundaries of exclusive species. I would like to allow this topic to more noticeably guide my investigation and work.

ma
P9

Sunday, September 19, 2010

Julia Fullerton-Batten (Artist) 9/20/10

Work:
(From Personal Work)






Bio:

Julia Fullerton-Batten is a German-born photographer, educated in Pennsylvania, and now represented and exhibited all over the World. Her background is in commercial photography and is still often commissioned for advertising shoots. However, my focus is on Fullerton-Batten's compelling personal work, in which she portrays the awkwardness of female puberty. Fullerton-Batten has an interesting casting process for this project, in that she rejected the poise of professional models, so she "boldly chose to street cast girls" so as to employ the "slight awkwardness of the untrained models to emphasize the freshness and naturalness evident in her images." (JFB.com) JFB has been awarded many prestigious honors and her work is held in permanent collections worldwide, including the National Portrait Gallery, London, and Musee de l'Elysee, Lausanne, Switzerland.
"Bio" Julia Fullerton-Batten (http://juliafullerton-batten.com)


Relates:

Some of Fullerton-Batten's work relates to mine when she directly references wild animals and nature in conjunction with her discussion on female puberty and sexual transition. These particular photographs within her personal work speak to more of a universality of nature juxtaposed onto the awkwardness of the journey to womanhood, where most of her others in the series focus on societal implications of female puberty. My work, too strives to illustrate the strange world of nature, where sexuality is no longer determined by just human society or choice, but by a predisposed natural instinct. These images are very compelling to me because they truly portray raw animal instincts onto the epic journey of girls to adulthood.

Quotations:

"The understated intensity of these images provides an insight into the girls' view of their world and reveals inner tensions and anxieties that growing up involves."
Fullerton-Batten, Julia. "Interview with Basia Sokolowska" Hotshoe Magazine. Oct. 2005

"The photographs have a calm but disturbing presence. Their slick and accomplished surface veils many visual tensions." (Basia Sokolowska)
"Julia Fullerton-Batten" Image Magazine. June 2006.

Interview:

http://www.featureshoot.com/2009/03/julia-fullerton-batten/

Vaughan Hannigan, NY (Agency)

http://www.vh-artists.com/

Julia Fullerton-Batten's Site

http://juliafullerton-batten.com/


Friday, September 17, 2010

Wafaa Bilal (Response) 9/17/10

Quotation:
"Modern man has become a Trojan Horse."

This quote from Bilal's lecture expresses metaphorically the state of technology in the modern world and the implications this virtual platform has on humankind. "There is no safe place on Earth because of the internet." This quote is important to Bilal's work because he very much deals with the psychological condition of humans living, playing, being entertained, working, etc. through a portal in the World Wide Web.

3 Words:

1) Virtual Reality
2) Reality
3) Dialogue

About Bilal:

The most interesting thing I learned about Bilal I did not know before was his beginnings as an artist in Iraq before coming to the US. I did know his brother was killed, but I had no idea he was forced to come to the US as a refugee because of the work he was creating about "freedom and human rights." For referencing these seemingly core valued ideas, Bilal faced execution or a lengthy stay at a refugee camp due to the extremity of Saddam Hussein's regime. Bilal seemed so calm and nonchalant about the backlash he faces in the US, which guided my second question before the lecture. Without needing to even ask if this backlash scared or upset him, I knew what he faced in Iraq was far more threatening.

Answers to Questions:

1) My first question, below, asked what reason Bilal had for his piece Domestic Tension if not didactic. Along the same lines, how could he distance himself far enough from his past, family hardships and identity, to not be in some way didactic in his art.

--Bilal answered this question just by talking about the piece. I think, in addition to sparking a dialogue with the users of his site during the piece, Bilal felt a necessity to live the life his brother must have been living. This piece was a way for Bilal to cope with losing his brother while he was living in the comfort of "peace" in the US. He stated, "I wanted to bring the conflict zone into the comfort zone" and psychoanalyze the users on the platforms of virtual reality and reality.

2) My second question addressed the backlash Bilal received from the piece Virtual Jihadi and whether this response was a calculated aspect of the piece.

--Bilal answered this as well, through his lecture. This reaction was part of the piece because it sparked a dialogue with "people not willing to engage before." He "gets under peoples' skin," and in so doing, affects change. This piece "galvanized" whole cities around issues of free speech and the place of art in political conflict, issues which resulted physical actions in support of artists choosing to express controversial issues in their work. (Town official in Troy NY dis-appointed and facing civil trial.)

Compelling Piece:

I think the most compelling piece was a failed project about waterboarding. The clip he showed from the execution of the waterboarding completely silenced the whole auditorium. No whispered commentaries, giggles about Bilal's charming commentary, or even the sound of bodies shifting in their seats were heard during this clip. I think it was so compelling because the effects could not be forecasted or planned in advance. It was very much an experiment which resulted in a harmful experience psychologically and physically beyond the realm of prediction.



Clip from Dog or Iraqi

Wednesday, September 15, 2010

"Immortality" Idea 9/15/10


An Allegory of Immortality
Giulio Romano c. 1540

Defined:

Immortality (n)

1) Immortality (or eternal life) is the concept of living in a physical or spiritual form for an infinite or inconceivably vast length of time.
Wiktionary
2) Perpetual life after death.
wordnetweb.princeton.edu
3) The condition of not being susceptible to death or aging.
Wiktionary

Quotations:

"
Humbaba’s mouth is fire; his roar the floodwater;

his breath is death. Enlil made him guardian
of the Cedar Forest, to frighten off the mortal

who would venture there. But who would venture
there?"
The Epic of Gilgamesh
(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gilgamesh/quotes.html)

"Every artist wants his work to be permanent. But what is? The Aswan Dam covered some of the greatest art in the world. Venice is sinking. Great books and pictures were lost in the Florence floods. In the meantime we still enjoy butterflies.
Romare Bearden
(http://quote.robertgenn.com/getquotes.php?catid=145)


“Death is not the greatest of evils; it is worse to want to die, and not be able to”

Sophocles
(http://thinkexist.com/quotation/death_is_not_the_greatest_of_evils-it_is_worse_to/161831.html)


Annotated Bibliography


Stark, Andrew. "Forever--Or Not." Wilson Quarterly 30.1 (2006): 58-61. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 16 Sept. 2010.

This article discusses the possibilities of immortality offered by the internet. Stark notes that securing intellectual immortality is becoming much more "democratic" with the help of the World Wide Web. Before the internet and extended media, immortality was available only to "eminent artists or thinkers or public figures," recognized widely for their lives achievements. Now anyone with internet access can create accounts for blogging, social networking, personal websites which generally do not expire even after the individual dies. "Anyone can post material on the World Wide Web, and because the Web is impervious to the degradation that time inflicts on printed records, whatever it contains has the capacity to exist indefinitely in some form." From my own experience, I know Facebook suggests friendships with users who have passed, or advises active users to send inactive (dead) users messages, until someone with access to the dead users password gets on and deletes the page. This article was useful in my research of immortality because I am concerned with the type which may have been unsolicited and material, instead of intangible. The author was professional in writing style and seemingly unbiased.

Relates:

This topic relates to my work because I deal with taxidermy and ritualistic trophy hunting. The process of preserving an animal through taxidermy, for all intents and purposes, immortalizes the remains of the animal. Physically, the specimen will never naturally degrade since it has been removed from the organic life circle. Evolutionarily, the entire species is subsequently mortalized, in that hunting leads to changes in natural selection and ultimately endangers the species wholly. The ritual of hunting and stuffing the specimen to begin with stems from the need to immortalize the successful hunt for identity and display purposes. On the other end of the spectrum, my work deals with human sexuality, which in its more scientific application, pertains to sexual selection and immortality of a family or race.





Gilgamesh decides to embark on his epic journey to secure immortality for himself

Wafaa Bilal (Lecture Questions/Response)

Day 30 of Domestic Tension



Question 1:
Bilal explains in this video segment that Domestic Tension is not a didactic piece and is meant instead as "an encounter." I understand involving the viewer in the piece, which he has obviously done. I also understand different individuals will inevitably be affected differently by this piece. However, my question to Bilal would be how he is affected by this piece, being an Iraqi and the one shot at. How is it there is no didactic intention if he is so aware of the reality of war in his country and how this war is portrayed in video games and extended media? What other reason would he have to create this piece, asking for people to participate and actually shoot him, other than to teach on some level? Basically, how can he distance himself and his identity from the piece enough to say it has no didactic intent?


Protest surrounding Virtual Jihadi


Question 2:
Was the intention of the piece, Virtual Jihadi, to force a dialogue between supporters and non-supporters? Was the fact that the piece was censored part of the point of the project, in an attempt to document ignorance of the original format, Quest for Saddam, created by Americans? Do you think this piece was successful regardless of the censorship and passionate protest?

Sunday, September 12, 2010

Matthew Barney (Artist) 9/12/10


Excerpt from The Cremaster Cycle (Cremaster 3, 2002)


Still from The Cremaster Cycle


Still from The Cremaster Cycle


Still from The Cremaster Cycle


Sculptures from The Cremaster Cycle


Bio:

Matthew Barney, sculptor, videographer and performance artist, was born in San Francisco in 1967. In high school, Barney embodied the archetypal male jock, positioned as the quarterback for the varsity team, a background which has proven to take a conceptual hold of and saturate his work. Barney attended Yale Art School, financed by a secondary career as a model, where he developed the work which connected him with the New York art scene. Barney's background, whether it be sports or modeling, infused his work with an unmistakable masculinity bordering on narcissistic self-awareness. His epic film series, The Cremaster Cycle, portrays Barney's conceptualization of embryonic sex determination while simultaneously embodying a true avante garde epic, winding throughout "extreme, visceral, and silly references to pagan mythology, architecture, pop culture, art, biology, and his autobiography." (Bozzola) The Cremaster Cycle literally refers to the " human embryo's moment of physiological limbo before the gonads either ascend or descend to create a female or male child (the "cremaster" being the muscle that controls the rising and lowering of the testicles). " Barney's iambic portrayal of raw biological, anatomical science, I think, is congruently beautiful and grotesque.

Bozzola, Lucia. "Matthew Barney" The New York Times: Movies and TV 12 Sept. 2010. Accessed 12 Sept 2010.


Relates to My Work:

I struggle with Barney's The Cremaster Cycle because, on a conceptual level, I find I can draw many parallels to my work and where I see it going. I sometimes find his execution hard to stomach, however, strangely magnetic from a viewing perspective simultaneously. I am somehow being forced to stare at the screen with intensity. Conceptually, my work relates on an over-arching level, through depiction of gender forms and theories of differentiation. I portray the male form disconnected from itself, or obscured by a species alien to human (not male or female human) to question the meaning of the male or female sexuality and identity altogether. I also use male models whose body types portray the archetypal "male" figure in visual history, from ancient mythology, to today's male models. From researching Barney's background, I found this image of masculinity an important fixture relevant to his work. The meanings this image symbolizes in the The Cremaster Cycle channel an idealization of science and anatomical truth. This, I feel, parallels what I have already created and hope to build on in my own work.


Quotations:

"The Michelangelo of Genital Art"
Bozzola, Lucia. "Matthew Barney" The New York Times: Movies and TV 12 Sept. 2010. Accessed 12 Sept 2010.

"The conceptual backbone of this epic film cycle is gender identity and the myth of masculinity."
Jankauskas, Jennifer. "Matthew Barney: The Cremaster Cycle" Art Lies Issue 40. Accessed 12 Sept. 2010.

'
Barney stands as evidence of a regressive retrenchment of the masculine in these circumstances as it is that he stands for just the opposite, a masculinity that can renounce a determined mastery of a dominant role in relation to nature, women, creation, self, etc."
Borevitz, Brad. "Matthew Barney and a Klein Bottle of Vaseline" One Two Three June 2003. Accessed 12 Sept. 2010

"
But then the American artist has some of the most inventive, personal imagery ever used in art; his films are visceral, surreal, fluid and brilliantly bizarre."
Gavin, Francesca. "Vaseline and Whales at Barney's UK Debut" BBC Editor Art Review. 27 Sept. 2007. Accessed 12 Sept. 2010.


Interview :
Celebrating his Guggenheim Retrospective





Gladstone Gallery, New York
http://www.gladstonegallery.com/index.asp

Matthew Barney's Site
http://www.cremaster.net/


Wednesday, September 8, 2010

"Sexual Selection" Idea 9/8/10

Defined
Sexual Selection (n):

1) A form of natural selection in which, according to Darwin's theory, the male or female is attracted by certain characteristics; form, color, behavior, etc, in the opposite sex, thus, modification of a special nature are brought about in the species.
[Biology Online]

2) An evolutionary process in animals, in which selection by females of males with certain characters, such as large antlers or bright plumage, results in the preservation of these characters in the species

[Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003]



Quotations

"A hornless stag or spurless cock would have a poor chance of leaving offspring. Sexual selection by always allowing the victor to breed might surely give indomitable courage, length to the spur, and strength to the wing to strike in the spurred leg, as well as the brutal cock-fighter, who knows well that he can improve his breed by careful selection of the best cocks."
[Darwin, Charles. "The Origin of Species" Literature.org Knowledge Matters Ltd. Accessed 8 Sept. 2010]

"I strongly suspect that some well-known laws with respect to the plumage of male and female birds, in comparison with the plumage of the young, can be explained on the view of plumage having been chiefly modified by sexual selection, acting when the birds have come to the breeding age or during the breeding season; the modifications thus produced being inherited at corresponding ages or seasons, either by the males alone, or by the males and females;"
[Darwin, Charles. "The Origin of Species" Literature.org Knowledge Matters Ltd. Accessed 8 Sept. 2010]

"Sexual selection may therefore be a double-edged process--promoting speciation on one hand but promoting extinction on the other."
[Edward H., Morrow, and Pitcher Trevor E. "Sexual selection and the risk of extinction in birds." Proceedings: Biological Sciences 270.1526 (2003): 1793. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Sept. 2010.]

"In large mammals, artificial selection is particularly likely for horns or antlers that are targeted by trophy hunters. Evolutionary consequences of hunting in mammals were strongly suggested... Because large-horned males are shot before their peak reproductive age, hunting favours males with slower horn growth showed that 30 years of trophy hunting selected for males with smaller body size and shorter horns."
[Bonenfant, Christophe, et al. "Age-dependent relationship between horn growth and survival in wild sheep." Journal of Animal Ecology 78.1 (2009): 161-171. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Sept. 2010.]


Annotated Bibliography

[Allendorf, Fred W., and Jeffrey J. Hard. "Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106.(2009): 9987-9994. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 Sept. 2010.]

This article reports on studies of hunted wild animal populations to correlate between unnatural evolutionary evidence on certain exploited species and hunting rates of those species. Allendorf and Hard explain the connection between unnatural selection (human harvesting of wild species based on physically superior traits) and serious evolutionary repercussions for these species. Examples of the consequences of these trophy killings are "reduced body size, earlier sexual maturity, reduced antler size, etc." as well as "greatly increas[ing] the time required for over-harvested populations to recover once harvest is curtailed because harvesting often creates strong selection differentials." Although the authors of this article seemed a bit bias and judgmental in a few instances, their findings were obviously scholarly and legitimated by scientific study. I find the connection and Catch-22 element of natural selection and unnatural selection extremely compelling. The very traits for which female mating decisions are based (sexual selection) are the targeted organisms for hunters. In other words, in the process of preserving the species, evolution has set itself up for extinction. This supplement to my research on natural selection helps me to see connections and disconnections arising from the implications of sexual selection.


Relates

This topic relates to my work on a clear as well as more abstract level. My work visually combines taxidermy and trophy animal pieces with human sexuality. Being trophy pieces, the animals and parts of animals (antlers, pelts) in my images were selected by hunters due to their physical presence and symbolic genetic power they would intangibly possess hanging on a wall somewhere. An off-shooting irony spawns from this fact due to the non-renewable nature of this "sport" in the long run. By killing off those males in the species possessing such desired traits as large or symmetric antlers, trophy hunters are contributing to the unnatural selection within the species to produce individuals with smaller or less symmetric antlers. As the population with the desired size of antlers steadily decreases, trophy hunters and collectors will value the far more endangered individuals all the more, leading to future non-presence of such individuals. This was true of the now-extinct Irish Elk, who once stood over ten feet tall with an antler span so large it is nearly considered mythical.
On a more abstract level, the topic of sexual selection comes into my work in combination with my concept of human sexuality, and the combined symbolization of the trophy animal pieces. The pieces could possibly be interpreted as direct symbols of male sex organs or egos, making them objectifications of human sexuality and a societal need to visually assert the male physicality and ability. Man conquered an animal possessing selective and desired traits translates to, man displays his own genetic or sexual desirability. I would like to play with this concept more in my work by introducing female into the imagery to intensify the push-pull of the sexuality reference.

Extinct Irish Elk

[libraryireland.com]


Saturday, September 4, 2010

Doug Aitken (Artist) 9/4/10

Work:
Still Image Migration
Still Image Migration
Still Image Migration
Still Image Migration

Installation view of Migration


Sonic Pavilion


Bio:

Doug Aitken was born in 1968 in Redondo Beach, CA. He studied at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, where he earned a BFA. Aitken is an acclaimed video artist working out of Los Angeles and New York and exhibiting worldwide. He examines the impact of sound and space, figuratively as well as abstractly in his work. Aitken "...uses the auditory to define space or to dissolve it in his highly architectural video installations..."(Finkel 1) For example, in his installation, Migration, which is highlighted in this post, the artist exhibits his film on three billboard-sized screens within the gallery space, speaking to the concept of displacement and more obviously, physical migration (by car). Aitken's Sonic Pavilion in Brazil's Instituto Inhotim is an example of his masterful use of sound. He teamed with geologists and audio experts to drill into the earth with audio devices and capture the noises of the earth shifting and aging. "These devices transform the earth’s low-level noises and vibrations into audible sounds that fill a ground-level glass pavilion, situated above the hole and open to visitors." The space itself is set up to limit the audiences' senses to "... heighten their patterns of attention and perception." (Finkel) Aitken's work transcends from videography and becomes a masterful incorporation of sound, image and architecture, making the viewer consider her role, place, and association with the piece.
Doug Aitken is represented by the 303 Gallery in New York.

Finkle, Jori. "Doug Aitken." Art Info 1 Oct. 2009. Accessed 4 Sept. 2010


Relates to My Work:

I chose Aitken to research when I discovered his Migration installation, which I plan to view while it is exhibiting at the Princeton Art Museum this Fall. I was first captivated by the stills I found from the film and then by the installation views I was able to track down on You Tube. After researching and reading the reviews of this piece, the connections to my work were clear on a conceptual level in addition to the visual connection I previously made. The installation, as previously mentioned, mimics three roadside billboards on which the film is projected. The film incorporates a variety of wild animals including bison, owl, birds, etc, placed in stark, generic yet silently haunting motel rooms. The animals are clearly displaced, and atmospherically confused, forcing the viewer to consider her placement in the gallery as well as the American landscape.
"With the film alternating between three billboards within the gallery space, the viewer is left to determine his own place in the often desolate and alienating transitory spaces which man inhabits." (303 Gallery) My work also addresses visually and conceptually the place of the wild in man's interior space, although my concept is beginning to focus on issues of trophy culture. My work done in the Natural History Museum examines man's place in the landscape of the natural world (yet unnatural due to taxidermy) and visa versa. Aitken's installation deals with allegorical themes of migration of humans in America as well as migratory species and intersects with the meeting of the two journeys, a buffalo in a motel room for instance. I am interested in portraying a connection and disconnection between human culture and the wild by observing various associations humans make with the natural world, while in the mean time examining the human, especially male, identity issues of consequence to these associations.

303 Gallery Writer. "Migration." One Art World Sept. 2008. Accessed 4 Sept. 2010


Quotes:

"Aitken is a master of space and dislocation, demonstrated by the way the video is presented on three billboard-size screens in the middle of the dark, cavernous gallery."
[Pollack of the installation, Migration.]

Pollack, Barbara. "Doug Aitken: Migration." Time Out New York, Art Reviews 23 Oct. 2008. Accessed 4 Sept. 2010


"Doug Aitken utilizes multiple media to create psychological environments that are at once unique, familiar and alien."

303 Gallery Writer. "Migration." One Art World Sept. 2008. Accessed 4 Sept. 2010


Interview
with Doug Aitken "On Art":
http://www.dazeddigital.com/ArtsAndCulture/article/7347/1/Doug_Aitken_on_Art

Doug Aitken also conducts artist interviews like this one (below) with German filmmaker Werner Herzog.
http://www.indexmagazine.com/interviews/werner_herzog.shtml


303 Gallery, New York
http://www.303gallery.com/


Doug Aitken Website
http://www.dougaitkenworkshop.com/














Wednesday, September 1, 2010

"Trophy" Idea 9/1/10

Definition
Trophy :
1. A prize or memento, such as a cup or a plaque, received as a symbol of victory, especially in sports.
2. A specimen or part, such as a lion's head, preserved as a token of a successful hunt.
3. A memento as of one's personal achievements.
4. The spoils of war, dedicated in classical antiquity with an inscription to a deity, and set up as a temporary monument, on or near a battlefield, placed in an existing temple, or housed in a permanent, new structure.
freedictionary.com

Quotations

"When you go to an art gallery, you are simply a tourist looking at the trophy cabinet of a few millionaires."

-Bransky



"As can be seen in the extent to which trophy specimens are stressed and valued in contemporary hunting culture, all in individual needs to do is examine some contemporary hunting magazines and televised hunting programs. Articles and shows focus almost exclusively on animals of trophy proportions..."

Eliason, Stephen L. "A Statewide Examination of Hunting and Trophy Nonhuman Animals: Perspectives of Montana Hunters." Society & Animals 16.3 (2008): 256-278. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 1 Sept. 2010.



"Trophy photographs in hunting magazines are thus important story-telling instruments. They stand as records of hunting prowess, strength and virility and as evidence for the audience...of the hunters' killing experiences."

Kalof, L., & Fitzgerald, A. Reading the trophy: Exploring the display of dead animals in hunting magazines. Visual Studies, 18 (2), 112-122. (2003).



"The demand for trophy animals has to do with their scarcity. Trophy-animal heads are a status symbol, and are an example of positional goods."

Bell, M. M. An invitation to environmental sociology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge. (2004).



**These quotes all relate because of the intangible value being placed on the concept of the "trophy." Bransky relates this value to artistic works "worthy" of gallery representation, as an illegitimate symbol of collectors' status. The other quotes are authors and environmentalist journalists discussing the status behind animal trophy hunting.



Annotated Bibliography Entry


Harrison, Simon. "Skull trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 12.4 (2006): 817-836. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 1 Sept. 2010.


This article investigates the claiming of human anatomical parts, namely heads, as a trophy or "spoil" of war. Harrison focuses on the discoveries of former Allied soldiers' possession of Japanese skulls dated from the second world war. Simon also examines the sociological background of human trophy taking in various societies and within a given culture. He relates this to traditional hunting and its implications to issues of male identity or status. Issues of racism pertain to Harrison's study especially due to the differences noticeable between the Allied handling of the skull trophies and other societies in which "headhunting" is a community affair celebrated by tradition and ceremony. Harrison speaks from a professional and seemingly non-biased platform, making the article easy to study at a research level. This article aids in connecting the various concepts of my work with trophy animal pieces and issues of male identity and power. Harrison also introduces concepts I hadn't previously considered, such as issues across cultures as well as racism, which could potentially help me in expanding my work.


My Work

The topic of "trophy" relates to the work I am doing with taxidermy. The point of taxidermy is to display on a wall the proof of one's success on a hunt, which lends itself to pertaining to issues of status, self-worth, masculinity, etc. These are all areas I am interested in conveying through my work. The research I did today on this topic helped me validate my own personal artistic connection with these concepts, as well as pushed me to examine farther into historical and societal contexts undiscovered in my work.