re·pro·duc·tion (r
pr
-d
k
shn)The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Quotations
"I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family; whereas, carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs."
Darwin, Charles. "The Origin Of Species: Variation Under Domestication" The Free Library by Farlex. Accessed 4 Nov. 2010. <>
"Let us now take wage-labour. The average price of wage-labour is the minimum wage, i.e., that quantum of the means of subsistence, which is absolutely requisite in bare existence as a labourer. What, therefore, the wage-labourer appropriates by means of his labour, merely suffices to prolong and reproduce a bare existence. We by no means intend to abolish this personal appropriation of the products of labour, an appropriation that is made for the maintenance and reproduction of human life, and that leaves no surplus wherewith to command the labour of others. All that we want to do away with, is the miserable character of this appropriation, under which the labourer lives merely to increase capital, and is allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it."
Marx, Karl. "The Communist Manifesto: Proletarians and Communists." The Free Library by Farlex. Accessed 4 Nov. 2010. <>
Annotated Bibliography
Laible, G., and D. N. Wells. "Recent advances and future options for New Zealand agriculture derived from animal cloning and transgenics." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50.2 (2007): 103-124. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Nov. 2010.
This article explores the scientific and social complexities of the argument of animal cloning with respect to a particular set of cases involving agricultural-based cloning in New Zealand. The argument is based on economics, biological concerns, social and humanitarian concerns, etc, and findings are supported with evidential studies. I found the most useful the concept of cloning agricultural animals as an economic method in general, along with the question of biological viability of clones; mortality rates, mutations, abortion rates for non-viable clones in embryonic stages. The article is well-written with seemingly little bias.
Relates
This topic relates to my work because reproduction is so much a part of the evolutionary discussion. Reproduction symbolizes the "snapshot" in the process of genetic species evolution and is also a factor in the discussion of sexual selection and artificial selection. I am really interested in the findings of cloning and artificial genetic reproduction surpassing the scientific discovery stage and entering into the economic playing field. (Especially in areas pertaining to the agricultural food industry.) My existing work seeks to study causality of sexual selection and mutations resulting from tampering with the natural process. I am fascinated by the end product, displaying the grotesque limits of species evolution for the necessity of survival, and how this functions within a human world. Visually, I work with the concept of multiplication and reproduction of subject for similar reasons, and would like to expand that usage to examine cloning. (Especially because human cloning is a new topic for heated debate, placing the human life equal to that of agricultural livestock for the purposes of genetic modification) Also, the idea of human sexuality is examined in my existing work, with relation to bestial and ritual references across cultures.
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